In January 2023, neurologists at Beijing’s Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University published a case study that briefly unsettled everything the field thought it knew about Alzheimer’s disease. Two years later, as new treatments and updated diagnostic criteria reshape how the disease is understood, the questions it raised are still unanswered.

He started forgetting things when he was 17. He couldn’t recall what had happened the day before, couldn’t follow what he’d just read, struggled to retain anything new. By 19, the decline had progressed enough that he withdrew from high school. He could still live independently, but something was clearly wrong.

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